Folks,
After about 45 minutes of all-weather testing, I think I have a grip on what's happening with the strange fighter UI / BPV connection, so I wanted to post my data for community use.
Tar is very correct. The shuttle bay UI is keyed to the BPV of each fighter. Change the BPV in ftrlist.txt and both the roll-over text and the icon change. Here is what I found:
BPV 1-9 = Patrol Fighter
BPV 10-12 = Interceptor
BPV 13-14 = Heavy Fighter
BPV 15-17 = Assault Fighter (I stopped at 17, as there wasn't any compelling reason to keep going)
To test out the effect this has on a large carrier, I purchased fighters for each of the 4 squadrons on a Hydran Monarch-V BBVx (it was handy in the shipyard).
Cost per single Fighter Purchased (Advanced Era):
Killer Bee-III = 32
Yellow Jacket-III = 43
Hornet-III = 50
Wasp-III = 61
In other words, to outfit a Monarch-V BBVx (which has 5 fighters per squadron) with 2 squadrons of Hornet-III and 2 squadrons of Wasp-III, the Prestige cost is 910.
Ouch!
Now, there's a couple ways to take this.
1) Tar pointed out that ships which don't use fighters (such as some plasma ships) start out at an advantage, but as fighters get better, fighter-poor ships lose some of their economic advantage. These numbers could be used as a way to balance any late-game advantage provided to fighter-heavy races.
2) If fighters are too cheap, players can treat them as a type of Phaser-based MIRV. These increased costs could be used as a way to moderate casual "wastage". Replacement costs will encourage better fighter management and more thought regarding their deployment and recall.
I know these last two points sound like justification, and to a certain degree, they are. However, IMHO, fighters always seemed too inexpensive and disposable. In the real world, especially modern times, crews wouldn't be sacrificed so casually--they're too valuable of a resource and too expensive to constantly replace. So I'm interested to see how this affects my own playing style and tactical decisions.
Hope this smattering of data helps everyone else!